• Project Name: National Aquarium of Baltimore
• Location: Inner Harbor, Baltimore, Maryland, US
• Architects: Peter Chermayeff, Sollogub, and Poole, Studio Gang
• Date of Project Completion: 1981 (initial), 1990, 2005

Overview: The National Aquarium of Baltimore

Envisioned as a geometric composition of complex forms in concrete and glass, the Baltimore Aquarium redefines the concepts of how an aquarium should look and perform. Located in the vibrant Inner Harbor of Baltimore, the dramatic aquarium features over 20,000 aquatic animals in simulated habitats, exotic tanks and semi-open interactive spaces. The aquarium’s design bursts out in all directions, where fantastical and functional come together to weave an exciting spatial experience. Architecturally, the building broadcasts a bold character with a sculptural quality – an expression made of concrete and glass with engagements along the way.   

History

Orginally conceived as “an economic engine for redevelopment” says Peter Chermayeff, the aquarium was erected in 1981 as part of Baltimore’s urban renewal efforts to revitalize the Inner Harbor. In the first place, it addressed the economic challenges by transitioning the city from heavy industry to tourism, attracting millions annually and generating substantial revenue. Beyond its economic impact, the aquarium has tackled ecological issues by integrating advanced marine conservation, public education and animal rescue initiatives, thus becoming a vital part of Baltimore’s identity and a hub of community and environmental engagement. 

Introduction

On a six-acre campus, the National Aquarium of Baltimore rises in angular forms with glass pyramids and pavilions etching a striking skyline and serving beyond its defined objectives. The aquarium integrates not just fish tanks but also recreations of coral reefs, rainforests, 4D immersion theatre, interactive touch pools and a waterfront park designed as a wildlife habitat. 

The aquarium exemplifies cultural architecture by embodying its relationship between people, urban spaces and the marine environment. Its design and purpose reveal a commitment to foster awareness and appreciation for ocean ecosystems while serving as a beacon for sustainable urban tourism. The vision also serves as a space for education, entertainment and conservation, promoting a harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature – paving the way to an iconic structure that connects visitors to the ocean world. 

Conceptualizing The National Aquarium of Baltimore

Situated in Baltimore’s Inner Harbor, the site’s urban scene influenced the design, integrating a glass, concrete and steel structure that stands brazen across the waterfront. The concept for an aquarium, as stated by Peter Chermayeff, is initiated by visualizing a dark space with a focus on the illuminated. Similar to music, an experience is orchestrated in the aquarium with a beginning, middle and end – as a structure that tells a story of life underwater. The building’s supporting frames, columns and beams become elements for storytelling.

Chermayeff also emphasizes that the quality of a space has to do with its content. However, the building’s exterior does not reflect traditional marine forms of architecture, yet it ideally suits the purpose – delivering an organized and dynamic place for featuring the marine world. Minimal and brutalist with simple geometry and massive volumes, the design captures both heavy and light elements, weaving an overall coherent experience. 

Design and Planning Process

The National Aquarium of Baltimore consists primarily of three different blocks, each section unique in form and experience interconnected by bridges, walkways, ramps and multiple levels. From the initial opening day in 1981 to the structure on Pier 4 opened in 1990 and a 65,000 sq. ft “Australian Exhibit” glass pavilion on Pier 3 introduced in 2005, each expansion took place over the years, bringing diverse experiences and its architecture – each different and unique, yet blending with the spirit of the place. Significantly, after each expansion, the circulation and configuration of taking visitors through the building were altered and made more efficient and innovative. 

The planning of interior spaces, interactive habitats and live tanks was challenging, with a vision to confront pressing issues facing global aquatic settings through conservation, education and technology. Meanwhile, the designers had to deeply assess site constraints, even working through cold and windy weather conditions, integrating a dramatic 35-foot high indoor waterfall, a rainforest habitat under a 66-foot high glass pyramid to 335,000 gallon Atlantic Coral Reef tank, along with large filtration systems, water treatment plants and more.

Key Architectural Elements

1. Structure and Materials: Primarily the blocks on Pier 3 and 4 use concrete and glass which are durable against humidity and water exposure along with steel reinforcements for expansive spans. Trusses of metal frames and latticed components weave the structure with stability and charm, as they add to the building’s zest and aesthetics.  

2. Form and Facade: Brutalist in style, the boxy concrete is suited along with glass and coloured panels branding the Aquarium as a flamboyant building gracing the harbour with a vibrant aura. Glass-encased facades offer panoramic views of the Baltimore Inner Harbour. The aquarium also offers open spaces having floor-to-ceiling glass windows and coffered ceilings for events and corporate gatherings. Even with expansive glass surfaces, the design of the building manages to shade its interior spaces reducing the solar gain and complementing the aquatic ambience within. 

3. Interior and Exterior Spatial Design: Designed to explore, the interior leads visitors through remarkable spatial transitions and zones featuring various aquatic animals, while outdoor areas connect the urban waterfront with landscapes. With moving walkways, spiralling ramps and double-height expanses connecting different levels indoors, visitors are offered multiple viewing decks and experience spots. From an expansive forest-like experience to a five-story 360-degree tank with divers, a shark alley and a dolphin performance arena – visitors move through a plethora of adventures within the Aquarium. 

4. Technological Integration: Integrated solutions feature life support filtration systems capable of filtering one million gallons of water every hour, along with interactive displays, informational signage, and educational descriptions. Additionally, the Aquarium incorporates controlled lighting, energy efficiency, and conservation measures.

Sustainability and Environmental Considerations

Extensive glass surfaces invite natural light, along with strategic shading and airflow management which supports indoor climate control – specific to each animal habitat and visitor areas. Renewable elements and water-efficient systems reduce the carbon footprint. Filtration systems recycle water in exhibits, while eco-friendly waste disposal and a dozen water treatment plants ensure to keep aquatic systems in check and contribute to sustainability. 

In 2015, architecture firm ‘Studio Gang’ unveiled a strategic masterplan for the aquarium, integrating outdoor educational and social spaces for visitors and the public aimed to improve local ecology and create a campus identity. The studio also accentuated a circulation sequence for visitors through attractions and amenities showcasing the treasured ecosystems and greatly emphasizing the Aquarium’s conservation work.

Challenges and Solutions

Reinterpreting marine ecosystems in an artificial setting, ensuring accessibility and addressing aesthetic and functional needs were key challenges. Above all, a major challenge was in developing water filtration system and the construction of large tanks with reinforced glass. While animal habitation experts focused on creating the tanks and filters, architects optimized the layout for visitor flow, accessibility and viewing experience. 

Constructing the National Aquarium of Baltimore

The construction of the aquarium unfolded in strategic phases over several decades, adapting to the evolving needs of its exhibits and visitors. The initial phase culminated in the aquarium’s opening on August 8, 1981, featuring highlights such as harbour seals and touch pools on Pier 3. By 1990, the first major expansion on Pier 4 introduced the Marine Mammal Pavilion, which doubled the aquarium’s water volume and provided larger habitats for the animals. In 2005, a second significant expansion transformed the manicured lawn near Pier 3 into a glass pavilion that housed “Australia: Wild Extremes.” This expansion also incorporated the “Harry and Jeanette Weinberg Waterfront Park,” seamlessly blending design with ecological conservation.

The logistics sector faced numerous challenges due to limited space at the Inner Harbor, which required creative solutions for material sourcing and transport. The complex concrete structure dictated much of the design, requiring tailored approaches to interior reconfigurations, and repurposing narrow hallways into habitats like the Amazon Rainforest. Moreover, maintaining quality control was paramount with on-site adjustments coordinated collaboratively between the design and fabrication teams. The vertical circulation became a hallmark of the aquarium’s vision, centered on escalators leading to the pinnacle exhibit – a 45-degree sloped glass pyramid housing the Upland Tropical Rain Forest, offering a seamless experience for visitors while emphasizing structural innovation. 

Splashing Down the Harbor: The Aquarium’s Most Immersive Experience

The Wetland Exhibit, presented by CFG Bank, offers an unparalleled immersive experience in the heart of Baltimore’s Inner Harbor. Recreating the salt marsh habitat, visitors can now step onto floating docks surrounded by the lush greenery of native cordgrass, shrubs and vibrant wildlife. 

As you walk through the interconnected pathways, you feel the gentle sway of the docks beneath your feet, hear the rhythmic splashes of water and see native species such as blue crabs and herons thriving in their natural-like environment. Accompanied by a calming sound installation, inspired by the wetland ecosystem, the local musicians have elated the experience with a serene auditory dimension. Furthermore, artistic murals depicting the wetland biodiversity and human connections to the ecosystem, become a spirited backdrop – adding depth to the exhibit’s visual storytelling.  

Since its inception, the Aquarium has transformed the Inner Harbor from an industrial port into a hub of ecological innovation – intertwining education with environmental restoration. Harbor Wetland continues this legacy, offering an unforgettable experience that blends art and science, transporting visitors to a time when the Inner Harbor was a thriving tidal salt marsh. This experience fosters a deep connection to nature and instils a sense of shared responsibility for the future.

Conclusion

The National Aquarium of Baltimore is a remarkable fusion of architecture and ecology, offering immersive experiences, and merging environmental restoration with community engagement. Since its opening in 1981, it has evolved into a cultural and architectural icon-engraving brutalist concrete and glass design with innovative, visitor-centric exhibits that educate, engage and inspire. Moreover, with interdisciplinary collaboration, the Aquarium has achieved a balance between aesthetics and environmental responsibility. 

Through advanced water recycling and filtration systems and innovative floating wetlands, the Aquarium has become a model for sustainability, saving millions of gallons of water annually. These initiatives in addition have enhanced biodiversity, promoted green infrastructure, and fostered environmental stewardship. 

The National Aquarium of Baltimore is more than just a destination;
it is a living celebration of the interconnectedness between people, marine life, and progress.

Appendix

1. National Aquarium of Baltimore: Official Website
2. S.B. Ballard Construction Company: Project Details
3. ArchDaily: Studio Gang’s Strategic Masterplan
4. Connecting The City To The Sea: The Development Of The National Aquarium In Baltimore
5. Explore: Harbor Wetland